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Art Van Couch 90 X 36 3 Cushion Seat 2 Pillow Back 4 Wood Legs

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Movable objects intended to support various human activities

Short visual history of furniture styles (from left to correct): cloisonné plaque (Assyrian), Chair of Reniseneb (Ancient Egyptian), metallic brazier with satyrs from Pompei (Greco-Roman), fall-front cabinet inlaid with ivory (Indian), low-back armchair (Chinese), casket with images of Cupids (Byzantine), woods and ivory furniture fragment (Islamic), chest (Gothic), analogion (Romanaian Medieval), sideboard with two bodies (Renaissance), golden table (Baroque), commode (Rococo), armchair with cornucopia (Louis Sixteen), secretary (Empire), fauteuil a joues armchair (19th century Eclecticism and/or Revivalism), vitrine (Fine art Nouveau), commode (Art Deco), IKEA kitchen cupboards and a table with drinking glass peak (Gimmicky)

Piece of furniture refers to movable objects intended to support various human activities such equally seating (e.g., stools, chairs, and sofas), eating (tables), storing items, eating and/or working with an item, and sleeping (eastward.k., beds and hammocks). Piece of furniture is also used to hold objects at a convenient peak for work (equally horizontal surfaces above the footing, such as tables and desks), or to shop things (due east.grand., cupboards, shelves, and drawers). Article of furniture tin can exist a production of blueprint and tin be considered a form of decorative art. In addition to piece of furniture's functional role, it tin serve a symbolic or religious purpose. It tin be made from a vast multitude of materials, including metallic, plastic, and wood. Furniture can exist made using a diversity of woodworking joints which often reflects the local culture.

People have been using natural objects, such as tree stumps, rocks and moss, as furniture since the beginning of homo culture and continues today in some households/campsites. Archaeological research shows that from effectually 30,000 years ago, people started to construct and cleave their ain article of furniture, using wood, stone, and creature bones. Early on furniture from this period is known from artwork such as a Venus figurine institute in Russian federation, depicting the goddess on a throne. The commencement surviving extant furniture is in the homes of Skara Brae in Scotland, and includes cupboards, dressers and beds all synthetic from rock. Complex construction techniques such as joinery began in the early dynastic period of aboriginal Egypt. This era saw constructed wooden pieces, including stools and tables, sometimes decorated with valuable metals or ivory. The evolution of furniture design continued in ancient Hellenic republic and ancient Rome, with thrones being commonplace as well equally the klinai, multipurpose couches used for relaxing, eating, and sleeping. The furniture of the Center Ages was usually heavy, oak, and ornamented. Article of furniture design expanded during the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century. The seventeenth century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized by opulent, often gilded Baroque designs. The nineteenth century is usually defined by revival styles. The beginning three-quarters of the twentieth century are oftentimes seen as the march towards Modernism. 1 unique outgrowth of mail service-modern furniture blueprint is a return to natural shapes and textures.[one]

Etymology [edit]

The English word furniture is derived from the French word fourniture ,[ii] the noun class of fournir , which means to supply or provide.[three] Thus fourniture in French means supplies or provisions.[iv] The English usage, referring specifically to household objects, is specific to that language;[v] French and other Romance languages as well equally High german use variants of the give-and-take meubles, which derives from Latin mobilia, pregnant "moveable goods".[vi]

History [edit]

Prehistory [edit]

The practice of using natural objects as rudimentary pieces of furniture probable dates to the beginning of human civilization.[7] Early humans are likely to have used tree stumps as seats, rocks equally rudimentary tables, and mossy areas for sleeping.[7] During the late Paleolithic or early on Neolithic period, from around 30,000 years ago, people began constructing and carving their ain furniture, using wood, rock and brute bones.[8] The earliest evidence for the being of constructed article of furniture is a Venus figurine plant at the Gagarino site in Russia, which depicts the goddess in a sitting position, on a throne.[ix] A similar statue of a seated woman was found in Catal Huyuk in Turkey, dating to betwixt 6000 and 5500 BCE.[7] The inclusion of such a seat in the figurines implies that these were already common artefacts of that age.[9]

A range of unique rock furniture has been excavated in Skara Brae, a Neolithic village in Orkney, Scotland The site dates from 3100 to 2500 BCE and due to a shortage of woods in Orkney, the people of Skara Brae were forced to build with stone, a readily available material that could be worked easily and turned into items for utilise inside the household. Each business firm shows a high degree of sophistication and was equipped with an all-encompassing assortment of stone furniture, ranging from cupboards, dressers, and beds to shelves, stone seats, and limpet tanks. The stone dresser was regarded as the most important every bit it symbolically faces the entrance in each house and is therefore the first item seen when entering, peradventure displaying symbolic objects, including decorative artwork such as several Neolithic carved stone assurance besides constitute at the site.

  • A dresser with shelves furnish a firm in Skara Brae, a settlement in what is now Scotland that was occupied from about 3180-2500 BC

  • Cucuteni figurine staying on a miniature chair; 4750-4700 BC; ceramic; discoeved at Târpești (modernistic-day Romania); Archaeology Museum Piatra Neamț

Antiquity [edit]

Ancient furniture has been excavated from the 8th-century BCE Phrygian tumulus, the Midas Mound, in Gordion, Turkey. Pieces plant here include tables and inlaid serving stands. There are also surviving works from the 9th-8th-century BCE Assyrian palace of Nimrud. The earliest surviving carpet, the Pazyryk Carpeting was discovered in a frozen tomb in Siberia and has been dated between the 6th and 3rd century BCE.

Ancient Arab republic of egypt [edit]

Civilization in ancient Egypt began with the clearance and irrigation of land along the banks of the River Nile,[10] which began in about 6000 BCE. By that fourth dimension, order in the Nile Valley was already engaged in organized agriculture and the construction of large buildings.[xi] At this menses, Egyptians in the southwestern corner of Egypt were herding cattle and also constructing big buildings. Mortar was in use by effectually 4000 BCE The inhabitants of the Nile Valley and delta were self-sufficient and were raising barley and emmer (an early variety of wheat) and stored it in pits lined with reed mats.[12] They raised cattle, goats and pigs and they wove linens and baskets.[12] Bear witness of furniture from the predynastic menstruation is scarce, but samples from Get-go Dynasty tombs indicate an already advanced use of furnishings in the houses of the age.[13]

During the dynastic menstruum, which began in around 3200 BCE, Egyptian fine art developed significantly, and this included furniture design.[14] Egyptian furniture was primarily synthetic using wood, but other materials were sometimes used, such as leather,[15] and pieces were ofttimes adorned with gilded, silver, ivory and ebony, for ornament.[xv] Wood establish in Egypt was not suitable for furniture construction, and then it had to exist imported into the country from other places,[fourteen] particularly Phoenicia.[16] The scarcity of forest necessitated innovation in construction techniques. The apply of scarf joints to join 2 shorter pieces together and form a longer axle was one case of this,[17] besides as construction of veneers in which depression quality cheap woods was used as the main building material, with a thin layer of expensive woods on the surface.[18]

The earliest used seating article of furniture in the dynastic flow was the stool, which was used throughout Egyptian society, from the majestic family down to ordinary citizens.[nineteen] Various different designs were used, including stools with four vertical legs, and others with crossed splayed legs; almost all had rectangular seats, nonetheless.[19] Examples include the workman's stool, a elementary three legged structure with a concave seat, designed for condolement during labour,[20] and the much more than ornate folding stool, with crossed folding legs,[21] which were busy with carved duck heads and ivory,[21] and had hinges made of statuary.[nineteen] Full chairs were much rarer in early on Egypt, existence limited to only wealthy and loftier ranking people, and seen as a condition symbol; they did not attain ordinary households until the 18th dynasty.[22] Early examples were formed by adding a directly dorsum to a stool, while later chairs had an inclined back.[22] Other article of furniture types in ancient Egypt include tables, which are heavily represented in art, but almost nonexistent as preserved items – perhaps considering they were placed outside tombs rather than within,[23] likewise equally beds and storage chests.[24] [25]

  • Stool with woven seat; 1991–1450 BC; wood & reed; height: 13 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Jewelry chest of Sithathoryunet; 1887–1813 BC; ebony, ivory, gilded, carnelian, blue faience and silvery; height: 36.seven cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Chair of Hatnefer; 1492–1473 BC; boxwood, cypress, ebony & linen cord; top: 53 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art

Ancient Greece [edit]

Three illustrations of ancient Greek chairs, each being notated with a letter: a, b-klismos, and c-chair

Historical knowledge of Greek article of furniture is derived from various sources, including literature, terracotta, sculptures, statuettes, and painted vases.[26] Some pieces survive to this day, primarily those constructed from metals, including bronze, or marble.[26] Wood was an important and common material in Greek article of furniture, both domestic and imported.[26] A mutual technique was to construct the main sections of the furniture with inexpensive solid wood, then use a veneer using an expensive wood, such as maple or ebony.[26] Greek furniture structure besides made use of dowels and tenons for joining the wooden parts of a slice together.[26] Wood was shaped past carving, steam treatment, and the lathe, and furniture is known to take been decorated with ivory, tortoise trounce, drinking glass, aureate or other precious materials.[27]

The modern discussion "throne" is derived from the ancient Greek thronos (Greek singular: θρόνος), which was a seat designated for deities or individuals of high condition/hierarchy or laurels.[28] The colossal chryselephantine statue of Zeus at Olympia, synthetic past Phidias and lost in artifact, featured the god Zeus seated on an elaborate throne, which was decorated with gold, precious stones, ebony and ivory, according to Pausanias.[29] Other Greek seats included the klismos, an elegant Greek chair with a curved backrest and legs whose course was copied by the Romans and is now function of the vocabulary of furniture pattern,[30] the backless stool (diphros), which existed in nearly Greek homes,[31] and folding stool.[32] The kline, used from the tardily seventh century BCE,[33] was a multipurpose piece used equally a bed, just also as a sofa and for reclining during meals.[34] It was rectangular and supported on four legs, two of which could be longer than the other, providing support for an armrest or headboard.[35] Mattresses, rugs, and blankets may have been used, but there is no evidence for sheets.[34]

In general, Greek tables were depression and often appear in depictions alongside klinai.[36] The most mutual type of Greek table had a rectangular top supported on three legs, although numerous configurations exist, including trapezoid and round.[37] Tables in ancient Greece were used mostly for dining purposes – in depictions of banquets, it appears as though each participant would accept utilized a single table, rather than a collective use of a larger piece.[38] Tables also figured prominently in religious contexts, as indicated in vase paintings, for example, the vino vessel associated with Dionysus, dating to around 450 BCE and now housed at the Fine art Institute of Chicago.[39] Chests were used for storage of apparel and personal items and were usually rectangular with hinged lids.[37] Chests depicted in terracotta evidence elaborate patterns and design, including the Greek fret.[34]

  • Rod tripod stand; early sixth century BC; statuary; overall: 75.2 x 44.v cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Ancient Rome [edit]

Roman furniture was based heavily on Greek furniture, in way and construction. Rome gradually superseded Hellenic republic equally the foremost civilisation of Europe, leading eventually to Greece condign a province of Rome in 146 BC. Rome thus took over production and distribution of Greek furniture, and the purlieus betwixt the 2 is blurred. The Romans did accept some limited innovation outside of Greek influence, and styles distinctly their own.[40]

Roman furniture was synthetic principally using wood, metal and stone, with marble and limestone used for exterior furniture. Very little wooden piece of furniture survives intact, but there is evidence that a diverseness of woods were used, including maple, citron, beech, oak, and holly. Some imported wood such as satinwood was used for decoration. The well-nigh normally used metal was bronze, of which numerous examples accept survived, for instance, headrests for couches and metal stools. Similar to the Greeks, Romans used tenons, dowels, nails, and glue to join wooden pieces together, and likewise practised veneering.[40]

The 1738 and 1748 excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii revealed Roman furniture, preserved in the ashes of the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

  • Illustration of Roman furniture details, from 1900, very like with Empire style furniture

  • Couch and footstool with bone carvings and drinking glass inlays; 1st–2nd century Advert; woods, bone and drinking glass; couch: 105.4 × 76.2 × 214.six cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York Urban center)

Middle Ages [edit]

In contrast to the ancient civilizations of Egypt, Greece, and Rome, at that place is comparatively little evidence of furniture from the 5th to the 15th century.[41] Very few extant pieces survive, and evidence in literature is also scarce.[41] Information technology is probable that the style of article of furniture prevalent in late artifact persisted throughout the middle ages.[41] For example, a throne like to that of Zeus is depicted in a sixth-century diptych,[41] while the Bayeux tapestry shows Edward the Confessor and Harold seated on seats similar to the Roman sella curulis.[42] The furniture of the Heart Ages was commonly heavy, oak, and ornamented with carved designs.

The Hellenistic influence upon Byzantine article of furniture can be seen through the use of acanthus leaves, palmettes, bay and olive leaves as ornaments. Oriental influences manifest through rosettes, arabesques and the geometric stylisation of certain vegetal motifs. Christianity brings symbols in Byzantine ornamentation: the pigeon, fishes, the lamb and vines.[43] The article of furniture from Byzantine houses and palaces was normally luxurious, highly busy and finely ornamented. Rock, marble, metal, wood and ivory are used. Surfaces and ornaments are gilded, painted plychrome, plated with sheets of gilt, emailed in bright colors, and covered in precious stones. The variety of Byzantine furniture is pretty big: tables with square, rectangle or round top, sumptuous busy, made of wood sometimes inlaid, with statuary, ivory or silvery ornaments; chairs with high backs and with wool blankets or animal furs, with coloured pillows, and then banks and stools; wardrobes were used only for storing books; cloths and valuable objects were kept in chests, with atomic number 26 locks; the form of beds imitated the roman ones, simply accept unlike designs of legs.[44]

The main ornament of Gothic piece of furniture and all applied arts is the ogive. The geometric rosette accompanies the ogive many times, having a big variety of forms. Architectural elements are used at furniture, at the beginning with purely decorative reasons, but afterwards equally structure elements. Besides the ogive, the main ornaments are: acanthus leaves, ivy, oak leaves, haulms, clovers, fleurs-de-lis, knights with shields, heads with crowns and characters from the Bible. Chests are the main type of Gothic furniture used past the majority of the population. Normally, the locks and escutcheon of chests accept also an ornamental telescopic, being finely fabricated.[45]

  • Gothic coffret (Minnekästchen); circa 1325–1350; oak, inlay, tempera, wrought-iron mounts; overall: 12.1 x 27.3 x sixteen.5 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art (New York Urban center)

  • Gothic breast; belatedly 15th century; wood; xxx.2 ten 29.2 ten 39.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Gothic chest; late 15th century; walnut and iron; overall: 47 10 38.7 x 75.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art

Renaissance [edit]

Along with the other arts, the Italian Renaissance of the fourteenth and fifteenth century marked a rebirth in design, ofttimes inspired past the Greco-Roman tradition. A similar explosion of pattern, and renaissance of civilization in full general occurred in Northern Europe, starting in the fifteenth century.

  • Wardrobe; c.1530; carved walnut; top: 230 cm; Château d'Écouen[49]

  • Cupboard; c.1570; forest; peak: 246 cm; Château d'Écouen[fifty]

  • Cupboard; c. 1580; walnut and oak, partially gilded and painted; summit: 2.06 m, width: one.50 m; Louvre[51]

17th and 18th centuries [edit]

The 17th century, in both Southern and Northern Europe, was characterized past opulent, oft aureate Baroque designs that frequently incorporated a profusion of vegetal and scrolling ornamentation. Starting in the eighteenth century, furniture designs began to develop more rapidly. Although there were some styles that belonged primarily to one nation, such as Palladianism in U.k. or Louis Quinze in French furniture, others, such as the Rococo and Neoclassicism were perpetuated throughout Western Europe.

During the 18th century, the style was gear up in England by the French fine art. In the beginning of the century Boulle cabinets were at the peak of their popularity and Louis XIV was reigning in France. In this era, almost of the furniture had metallic and enamelled decorations in information technology and some of the furniture was covered in inlays of marbles lapis lazuli, and porphyry and other stones. By mid-century this Baroque style was displaced by the graceful curves, shining ormolu, and intricate marquetry of the Rococo style, which in turn gave manner around 1770 to the more severe lines of Neoclassicism, modeled after the compages of aboriginal Hellenic republic and Rome.[52] Creating a mass market for furniture, the distinguished London cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale's The Admirer and Cabinet Maker's Manager (1754) is regarded every bit the "outset comprehensive trade catalogue of its kind".[53]

There is something and so distinct in the development of taste in French piece of furniture, marked out by the three styles to which the iii monarchs have given the name of "Louis Quatorze", "Louis Quinze", and "Louis Seize". This volition be evident to anyone who will visit, first the Palace of Versailles, so the Thousand Trianon, and later on the Petit Trianon.[54]

  • Bizarre four-poster bed from the Château d'Effiat; c.1650; natural walnut, chiselled Genoa silk velvet and embroidered silks; 295 cm; Louvre[55]

  • Baroque cupboard; by André Charles Boulle; c.1700; ebony and amaranth veneering, polychrome forest, contumely, tin can, shell, and horn marquetry on an oak frame, gilt-bronze; 255.5 x 157.v cm; Louvre[57]

  • Baroque commode; by André Charles Boulle; c.1710-1732; walnut veneered with ebony and marquetry of engraved brass and tortoiseshell, golden-bronze mounts, antique marble pinnacle; 87.vi x 128.iii x 62.9 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Fine art (New York Metropolis)[58]

  • Bizarre slant-front desk-bound; by Heinrich Ludwig Rohde or Ferdinand Plitzner; c.1715–1725; marquetry with maple, amaranth, mahogany, and walnut on spruce and oak; 90 × 84 × 44.v cm; Art Institute of Chicago[59]

  • Rococo console table; 18th century; carved and gilded wood, marble top; 63.two × 60 × 25.4 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Rococo commode; by Charles Cressent; c.1745-1749; pine and oak veneered with amaranth and bois satiné, walnut, oak, pine; gilt-bronze, portoro marble top; 87.half dozen ten 139.seven ten 57.8 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Rococo side tabular array (commode en console); by Bernard II van Risamburgh; c.1755-1760; Japanese lacquer, gilded-bronze and Sarrancolin marble top; meridian: 90.2 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Louis XVI manner gyre-top desk of Marie-Antoinette; past Jean-Henri Riesener; 1784; oak and pino frame, sycamore, amaranth and rosewood veneer, statuary gilt; 103.6 x 113.4 cm; Louvre[63]

  • Louis Xvi style writing tabular array of Marie-Antoinette; by Adam Weisweiler; 1784; oak, ebony and sycamore veneer, Japanese lacquer, steel, bronze gilt; 73.seven x 81. 2 cm; Louvre[64]

  • Louis XVI way folding stool (pliant); 1786; carved and painted beechwood, covered in pink silk; 46.four × 68.6 × 51.iv cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Louis Xvi way armchair (fauteuil) from Louis XVI's Salon des Jeux at Saint Cloud; 1788; carved and gilded walnut, gold brocaded silk (not original); overall: 100 × 74.9 × 65.i cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

19th century [edit]

The nineteenth century is unremarkably defined past concurrent revival styles, including Gothic, Neoclassicism, and Rococo. The design reforms of the tardily century introduced the Artful motility and the Arts and crafts move. Fine art Nouveau was influenced by both of these movements. Shaker-style furniture became pop during this time in North America also.

  • Empire panel tabular array; 1804-1814; mahogany, gilded bronze, chiseled gilded bronze and fossil grey marble; 91.5 ten 154 x 73.v cm; Musée des Arts Décoratifs (Paris)[65]

Early on North American [edit]

This design was in many means rooted in necessity and emphasizes both form and materials. Early British Colonial American[ vague ] chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs oft constructed with steaming to bend the forest. Woods choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a detail emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit bearing trees such as cerise or walnut.[ commendation needed ]

Modernism [edit]

The first 3-quarters of the twentieth century is often seen as the march towards Modernism. Art Deco, De Stijl, Bauhaus, Jugendstil, Wiener Werkstätte, and Vienna Secession designers all worked to some caste within the Modernist idiom. Born from the Bauhaus and Art Deco/Streamline styles came the post WWII "Mid-Century Modern" style using materials adult during the state of war including laminated plywood, plastics, and fiberglass. Prime number examples include furniture designed by George Nelson Associates, Charles and Ray Eames, Paul McCobb, Florence Knoll, Harry Bertoia, Eero Saarinen, Harvey Probber, Vladamir Kagan and Danish modern designers including Finn Juhl and Arne Jacobsen. Postmodern design, intersecting the Pop art movement, gained steam in the 1960s and 70s, promoted in the 80s past groups such as the Italy-based Memphis movement. Transitional furniture is intended to make full a place between Traditional and Mod tastes.

Stainless Steel Table with FSC Teca Wood - Brazil Ecodesign

Ecodesign [edit]

Bang-up efforts from individuals, governments, and companies has led to the manufacturing of products with college sustainability known every bit Ecodesign. This new line of article of furniture is based on environmentally friendly design. Its use and popularity are increasing each twelvemonth.[70]

Gimmicky [edit]

One unique outgrowth of post-modern furniture design is Live border, heralding a render to natural shapes and textures within the dwelling house.[one]

Asian history [edit]

Asian furniture has a quite distinct history. The traditions out of Bharat, Communist china, Korea, Pakistan, Republic of indonesia (Bali and Java) and Nippon are some of the best known, but places such as Mongolia, and the countries of Due south Eastern asia have unique facets of their own.

Far Eastern [edit]

Particular of a Chinese moon-gate bed from circa 1876

The utilize of uncarved wood and bamboo and the use of heavy lacquers are well known Chinese styles. It is worth noting that Chinese furniture varies dramatically from one dynasty to the adjacent. Chinese ornamentation is highly inspired past paintings, with floral and plant life motifs including bamboo trees, chrysanthemums, waterlilies, irises, magnolias, flowers and branches of cherry, apple, apricot and plum, or elongated bamboo leaves; animal ornaments include lions, bulls, ducks, peacocks, parrots, pheasants, roosters, ibises and butterflies. The dragon is the symbol of earth fertility, and of the ability and wisdom of the emperor. Lacquers are more often than not populated with princesses, diverse Chinese people, soldiers, children, ritually and daily scenes. Architectural features tend toward geometric ornaments, like meanders and labyrinths. The interior of a Chinese house was simple and sober. All Chinese furniture is made of wood, ordinarily ebony, teak, or rosewood for heavier furniture (chairs, tables and benches) and bamboo, pine and larch for lighter article of furniture (stools and small chairs).[71]

Traditional Japanese article of furniture is well known for its minimalist style, all-encompassing apply of wood, high-quality craftsmanship and reliance on wood grain instead of painting or thick lacquer. Japanese chests are known every bit Tansu, known for elaborate decorative iron work, and are some of the near sought-later of Japanese antiques. The antiques bachelor mostly date back to the Tokugawa and Meiji periods. Both the technique of lacquering and the specific lacquer (resin of Rhus vernicifera) originated in China, but the lacquer tree also grows well in Japan. The recipes of preparation are original to Japan: resin is mixed with wheat flour, clay or pottery pulverization, turpentine, iron pulverization or forest coal. In ornament, the chrysanthemum, known every bit kiku, the national flower, is a very popular ornament, including the xvi-petal chrysanthemum symbolizing the Emperor. Red and apple flowers are used for decorating screens, vases and shōji. Common animal ornaments include dragons, carps, cranes, gooses, tigers, horses and monkeys; representations of architecture such as houses, pavilions, towers, torii gates, bridges and temples are as well common. The furniture of a Japanese house consists of tables, shelves, wardrobes, small-scale holders for flowers, bonsais or for bonkei, boxes, lanterns with wooden frames and translucent paper, neck and elbow holders, and jardinieres.[72]

  • Japanese chest with cartouche showing figures on donkeys in a landscape; 1750–1800; carved red lacquer on wood core with metal fittings and jade lock; xxx.64 10 30.16 x 12.seven cm; Los Angeles County Museum of Art (U.s.)

  • Japanese tiered food Box with stand up; late 18th century; ruby-red lacquer over a wood core, with litharge painting and engraved gilt designs; overall: 53 10 68 cm; Cleveland Museum of Art

  • Japanese writing table; early on 20th century; lacquered wood with argent fittings and various other materials; pinnacle: 12.3 cm, length: 60.96 cm, width: 36.83 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York Urban center)

Types [edit]

For sitting [edit]

Seating is amongst the oldest known furniture types, and authors including Encyclopædia Britannica regard it as the most of import.[ii] In additional to the functional design, seating has had an of import decorative element from ancient times to the present 24-hour interval. This includes carved and sculpted pieces intended as works of art, also every bit the styling of seats to indicate social importance, with senior figures or leaders granted the use of specially designed seats.[2]

The simplest course of seat is the chair,[73] which is a piece of furniture designed to permit a single person to sit down down, which has a dorsum and legs, every bit well every bit a platform for sitting.[74] Chairs often feature cushions fabricated from various fabrics.[75]

  • Ancient Egyptian armchair of Tutankhamun; 1336-1326 BC; wood, ebony, ivory and gilded leaf; superlative: 71 cm; Exposition of Tutankhamun Treasure in Paris (2019)

  • Louis XVI armchair (Fauteuil à la reine); 1780–1785; carved and gilt walnut, and embroidered silk satin; height: 102.ii cm, width: 74.9 cm, depth: 77.eight cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

  • Louis XVI settee; designed in circa 1786, woven 1790–91, settee frame from the second half 19th century; carved and gilt forest, with wool and silk; 107.3 × 191.5 × 71.1 cm; Metropolitan Museum of Art

Types of wood used [edit]

All unlike types of woods have unique signature marks that can help in easy identification of the type. Both hardwoods and softwoods are used in article of furniture manufacturing, and each has its own specific uses.[76] Mutual softwoods used include pine, redwood and yew. Higher quality furniture tends to be fabricated out of hardwood, including oak, maple, mahogany, teak, walnut, cherry and birch. Highest quality wood will have been air stale to rid it of its wet.[77]

Standards for design, functionality and safety [edit]

Installment by L. Gargantini for the Bolzano fair, 1957. Photo by Paolo Monti (Fondo Paolo Monti, BEIC).

  • EN 527 Role furniture – Work tables and desks
  • EN 1335 Function article of furniture – Office work chair
  • ANSI/BIFMA Ten 5.1 Office Seating
  • DIN 4551 Part article of furniture; revolving office chair with adjustable back with or without arm rests, adjustable in pinnacle
  • EN 581 Outdoor piece of furniture – Seating and tables for camping, domestic and contract employ
  • EN 1728:2014 Furniture – Seating – Test methods for the determination of force and durability– updated in 2014.[78]
  • EN 1730:2012 Furniture – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength and immovability.
  • BS 4875 Piece of furniture. Forcefulness and stability of furniture. Methods for decision of stability of not-domestic storage furniture (British Standard)
  • EN 747 Piece of furniture – Bunk beds and high beds – Test methods for the determination of stability, strength and durability
  • EN 13150 Workbenches for laboratories – Safety requirements and test methods
  • EN 1729 Educational piece of furniture, chairs and tables for educational institutions[79]
  • RAL-GZ 430 Furniture standard from Frg
  • NEN 1812 Piece of furniture standard from the netherlands
  • GB 28007-2011 Children's furniture – General technical requirements for children's piece of furniture designed and manufactured for children between 3 and 14 years erstwhile
  • BS 5852: 2006 Methods of test for assessment of the ignitability of upholstered seating by smouldering and flaming ignition sources
  • BS 7176: Specification for resistance to ignition of upholstered article of furniture for non-domestic seating past testing composites

See also [edit]

  • Casters which brand some article of furniture moveable
  • Furniture designer
  • Furniture museum
  • Metal furniture
  • Multifunctional furniture

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ a b Gray, Channing. "Haute and cool: Fine Furnishings bear witness branches out in 10th year with a bigger spread of classic and cutting-edge pieces". The Providence Journal.
  2. ^ a b c "Furniture". Encyclopædia Britannica. 23 Feb 2016. Archived from the original on 16 May 2016. Retrieved sixteen May 2016.
  3. ^ "English Translation of "fournir"". Collins French-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ "English Translation of "fourniture"". Collins French-English language Dictionary.
  5. ^ Weekley 2013, pp. 609–610.
  6. ^ Solodow 2010, p. 146.
  7. ^ a b c Smardzewski 2015, p. 4.
  8. ^ Smardzewski 2015, p. one.
  9. ^ a b Smardzewski 2015, p. ii.
  10. ^ Roebuck 1966, p. 51.
  11. ^ Redford, Donald B. Egypt, Canaan, and State of israel in Ancient Times. (Princeton: University Printing, 1992), p. 6.
  12. ^ a b Roebuck 1966, p. 52.
  13. ^ Metropolitan Museum of Art 1999, p. 117.
  14. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. ane.
  15. ^ a b Blakemore 2006, p. 14.
  16. ^ Gadalla 2007, p. 243.
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References [edit]

  • Bailey, Gauvin Alexander (2012). Baroque & Rococo. Phaidon. ISBN978-0-7148-5742-8.
  • Blakemore, Robbie G. (2006). History of interior design & furniture: from ancient Arab republic of egypt to nineteenth-century Europe. J. Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-471-46433-4.
  • Bucătaru, Marina (1991). Stiluri și Ornamente la Mobilier (in Romanian). Editura Didactică și Pedagogică. ISBN973-30-1079-0.
  • Gadalla, Moustafa (2007). The Ancient Egyptian Culture Revealed. Tehuti Research Foundation. ISBN978-1-931446-27-3.
  • Litchfield, Frederick (2011). Illustrated History of Furniture. Arcturus Publishing. ISBN978-1-84837-803-two.
  • Lucie-Smith, Edward (1979). Furniture: A Curtailed History. Thames and Hudson. ISBN978-0-500-18173-7.
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art (1999). Egyptian Art in the Age of the Pyramids. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Fine art. ISBN978-0-87099-907-9.
  • Richter, G.M.A. (1966). The Piece of furniture of the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans . Phaidon.
  • Roebuck, Carl (1966). The Earth of Ancient Times. New York: Charles Schribner'south Sons Publishing.
  • Smardzewski, Jerzy (2015). Article of furniture Design. Springer. ISBN978-3-319-19533-9.
  • Solodow, Joseph B. (2010). Latin Alive: The Survival of Latin in English and the Romance Languages. Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-1-139-48471-viii.
  • Weekley, Ernest (2013). An Etymological Dictionary of Modern English. Courier Corporation. ISBN978-0-486-12287-eight.
  • Wanscher, Ole (1980). Sella Curulis: The Folding Stool, an Ancient Symbol of Dignity. Copenhagen: Rosenkilde and Bagger.

External links [edit]

  • Images of online piece of furniture pattern bachelor from the Visual Arts Information Service (VADS) – including images from the Blueprint Council Slide Collection.
  • History of Article of furniture Timeline Archived 14 January 2020 at the Wayback Machine From Maltwood Art Museum and Gallery, University of Victoria
  • Illustrated History Of Article of furniture
  • Dwelling Economics Annal: Tradition, Enquiry, History (HEARTH)
    An e-book collection of over one,000 books on home economics spanning 1850 to 1950, created by Cornell University'due south Mann Library. Includes several hundred works on article of furniture and interior pattern in this menstruation, itemized in a specific bibliography.
  • American Furniture in The Metropolitan Museum of Art, a fully digitized 2 volume exhibition catalog

leesonot1954.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furniture

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